diff --git a/proto/anki/backend.proto b/proto/anki/backend.proto
index 6f3d7c778..74675f4bd 100644
--- a/proto/anki/backend.proto
+++ b/proto/anki/backend.proto
@@ -58,8 +58,6 @@ message BackendError {
     SEARCH_ERROR = 14;
     CUSTOM_STUDY_ERROR = 15;
     IMPORT_ERROR = 16;
-    // Collection imported, but media import failed.
-    IMPORT_MEDIA_ERROR = 17;
   }
 
   // localized error description suitable for displaying to the user
diff --git a/pylib/anki/_backend/__init__.py b/pylib/anki/_backend/__init__.py
index 155f09413..e0084a326 100644
--- a/pylib/anki/_backend/__init__.py
+++ b/pylib/anki/_backend/__init__.py
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ from ..errors import (
     DBError,
     ExistsError,
     FilteredDeckError,
-    ImportMediaError,
     Interrupted,
     InvalidInput,
     LocalizedError,
@@ -220,9 +219,6 @@ def backend_exception_to_pylib(err: backend_pb2.BackendError) -> Exception:
     elif val == kind.CUSTOM_STUDY_ERROR:
         return CustomStudyError(err.localized)
 
-    elif val == kind.IMPORT_MEDIA_ERROR:
-        return ImportMediaError(err.localized)
-
     else:
         # sadly we can't do exhaustiveness checking on protobuf enums
         # assert_exhaustive(val)
diff --git a/pylib/anki/errors.py b/pylib/anki/errors.py
index c0b004aba..07e26cc9e 100644
--- a/pylib/anki/errors.py
+++ b/pylib/anki/errors.py
@@ -80,10 +80,6 @@ class AbortSchemaModification(Exception):
     pass
 
 
-class ImportMediaError(LocalizedError):
-    pass
-
-
 # legacy
 DeckRenameError = FilteredDeckError
 AnkiError = AbortSchemaModification
diff --git a/qt/aqt/importing.py b/qt/aqt/importing.py
index b9ee36d21..7e5f65c64 100644
--- a/qt/aqt/importing.py
+++ b/qt/aqt/importing.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import anki.importing as importing
 import aqt.deckchooser
 import aqt.forms
 import aqt.modelchooser
-from anki.errors import ImportMediaError, Interrupted
+from anki.errors import Interrupted
 from anki.importing.anki2 import V2ImportIntoV1
 from anki.importing.apkg import AnkiPackageImporter
 from aqt import AnkiQt, gui_hooks
@@ -457,8 +457,7 @@ def replace_with_apkg(
     mw: aqt.AnkiQt, filename: str, callback: Callable[[bool], None]
 ) -> None:
     """Tries to replace the provided collection with the provided backup,
-    then calls the callback. True if collection file was imported (even
-    if media failed).
+    then calls the callback. True if success.
     """
     dialog = mw.progress.start(immediate=True)
     timer = QTimer()
@@ -496,8 +495,7 @@ def replace_with_apkg(
         except Exception as error:
             if not isinstance(error, Interrupted):
                 showWarning(str(error))
-            collection_file_imported = isinstance(error, ImportMediaError)
-            callback(collection_file_imported)
+            callback(False)
         else:
             callback(True)
 
diff --git a/rslib/src/backend/collection.rs b/rslib/src/backend/collection.rs
index d354beac7..f328a49df 100644
--- a/rslib/src/backend/collection.rs
+++ b/rslib/src/backend/collection.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ use crate::{
     collection::{backup, CollectionBuilder},
     log::{self},
     prelude::*,
+    storage::SchemaVersion,
 };
 
 impl CollectionService for Backend {
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ impl CollectionService for Backend {
 
         if input.downgrade_to_schema11 {
             let log = log::terminal();
-            if let Err(e) = col_inner.close(input.downgrade_to_schema11) {
+            if let Err(e) = col_inner.close(Some(SchemaVersion::V11)) {
                 error!(log, " failed: {:?}", e);
             }
         }
@@ -72,6 +73,7 @@ impl CollectionService for Backend {
 
         Ok(().into())
     }
+
     fn check_database(&self, _input: pb::Empty) -> Result<pb::CheckDatabaseResponse> {
         let mut handler = self.new_progress_handler();
         let progress_fn = move |progress, throttle| {
diff --git a/rslib/src/backend/error.rs b/rslib/src/backend/error.rs
index 4fa4b7513..165e1c7fb 100644
--- a/rslib/src/backend/error.rs
+++ b/rslib/src/backend/error.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 use crate::{
     backend_proto as pb,
     backend_proto::backend_error::Kind,
-    error::{AnkiError, ImportError, SyncErrorKind},
+    error::{AnkiError, SyncErrorKind},
     prelude::*,
 };
 
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ impl AnkiError {
             AnkiError::MultipleNotetypesSelected => Kind::InvalidInput,
             AnkiError::DatabaseCheckRequired => Kind::InvalidInput,
             AnkiError::CustomStudyError(_) => Kind::CustomStudyError,
-            AnkiError::ImportError(ImportError::MediaImportFailed(_)) => Kind::ImportMediaError,
             AnkiError::ImportError(_) => Kind::ImportError,
             AnkiError::FileIoError(_) => Kind::IoError,
             AnkiError::MediaCheckRequired => Kind::InvalidInput,
diff --git a/rslib/src/backend/import_export.rs b/rslib/src/backend/import_export.rs
index 563b31d66..47d99a456 100644
--- a/rslib/src/backend/import_export.rs
+++ b/rslib/src/backend/import_export.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,6 @@ impl ImportExportService for Backend {
             &input.backup_path,
             &input.col_path,
             &input.media_folder,
-            &self.tr,
             self.import_progress_fn(),
         )
         .map(Into::into)
diff --git a/rslib/src/collection/mod.rs b/rslib/src/collection/mod.rs
index b5d8fa4f2..9be3086fc 100644
--- a/rslib/src/collection/mod.rs
+++ b/rslib/src/collection/mod.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use crate::{
     log::{default_logger, Logger},
     notetype::{Notetype, NotetypeId},
     scheduler::{queue::CardQueues, SchedulerInfo},
-    storage::SqliteStorage,
+    storage::{SchemaVersion, SqliteStorage},
     types::Usn,
     undo::UndoManager,
 };
@@ -141,8 +141,8 @@ impl Collection {
         builder
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn close(self, downgrade: bool) -> Result<()> {
-        self.storage.close(downgrade)
+    pub(crate) fn close(self, desired_version: Option<SchemaVersion>) -> Result<()> {
+        self.storage.close(desired_version)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn usn(&self) -> Result<Usn> {
diff --git a/rslib/src/import_export/package/colpkg/export.rs b/rslib/src/import_export/package/colpkg/export.rs
index 0e9c8561f..f73cd2671 100644
--- a/rslib/src/import_export/package/colpkg/export.rs
+++ b/rslib/src/import_export/package/colpkg/export.rs
@@ -4,25 +4,27 @@
 use std::{
     borrow::Cow,
     collections::HashMap,
-    fs::{read_dir, DirEntry, File},
+    fs::{DirEntry, File},
     io::{self, Read, Write},
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
 };
 
 use prost::Message;
+use sha1::Sha1;
 use tempfile::NamedTempFile;
 use zip::{write::FileOptions, CompressionMethod, ZipWriter};
 use zstd::{
-    stream::{raw::Encoder as RawEncoder, zio::Writer},
+    stream::{raw::Encoder as RawEncoder, zio},
     Encoder,
 };
 
 use super::super::{MediaEntries, MediaEntry, Meta, Version};
 use crate::{
     collection::CollectionBuilder,
-    io::atomic_rename,
-    media::files::{filename_if_normalized, sha1_of_data},
+    io::{atomic_rename, read_dir_files, tempfile_in_parent_of},
+    media::files::filename_if_normalized,
     prelude::*,
+    storage::SchemaVersion,
 };
 
 /// Enable multithreaded compression if over this size. For smaller files,
@@ -39,7 +41,7 @@ impl Collection {
         progress_fn: impl FnMut(usize),
     ) -> Result<()> {
         let colpkg_name = out_path.as_ref();
-        let temp_colpkg = NamedTempFile::new_in(colpkg_name.parent().ok_or(AnkiError::NotFound)?)?;
+        let temp_colpkg = tempfile_in_parent_of(colpkg_name)?;
         let src_path = self.col_path.clone();
         let src_media_folder = if include_media {
             Some(self.media_folder.clone())
@@ -47,11 +49,11 @@ impl Collection {
             None
         };
         let tr = self.tr.clone();
-        // FIXME: downgrade on v3 export is superfluous at current schema version. We don't
-        // want things to break when the schema is bumped in the future, so perhaps the
-        // exporting code should be downgrading to 18 instead of 11 (which will probably require
-        // changing the boolean to an enum).
-        self.close(true)?;
+        self.close(Some(if legacy {
+            SchemaVersion::V11
+        } else {
+            SchemaVersion::V18
+        }))?;
 
         export_collection_file(
             temp_colpkg.path(),
@@ -172,7 +174,7 @@ fn create_dummy_collection_file(tr: &I18n) -> Result<NamedTempFile> {
         .storage
         .db
         .execute_batch("pragma page_size=512; pragma journal_mode=delete; vacuum;")?;
-    dummy_col.close(true)?;
+    dummy_col.close(Some(SchemaVersion::V11))?;
 
     Ok(tempfile)
 }
@@ -253,35 +255,30 @@ fn write_media_files(
     media_entries: &mut Vec<MediaEntry>,
     mut progress_fn: impl FnMut(usize),
 ) -> Result<()> {
-    let mut writer = MediaFileWriter::new(meta);
-    let mut index = 0;
-    for entry in read_dir(dir)? {
-        let entry = entry?;
-        if !entry.metadata()?.is_file() {
-            continue;
-        }
+    let mut copier = MediaCopier::new(meta);
+    for (index, entry) in read_dir_files(dir)?.enumerate() {
         progress_fn(index);
 
         zip.start_file(index.to_string(), file_options_stored())?;
 
+        let entry = entry?;
         let name = normalized_unicode_file_name(&entry)?;
-        // FIXME: we should chunk this
-        let data = std::fs::read(entry.path())?;
-        let media_entry = make_media_entry(&data, name);
-        writer = writer.write(&mut std::io::Cursor::new(data), zip)?;
-        media_entries.push(media_entry);
-        // can't enumerate(), as we skip folders
-        index += 1;
+        let mut file = File::open(entry.path())?;
+
+        let (size, sha1) = copier.copy(&mut file, zip)?;
+        media_entries.push(MediaEntry::new(name, size, sha1));
     }
 
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn make_media_entry(data: &[u8], name: String) -> MediaEntry {
-    MediaEntry {
-        name,
-        size: data.len() as u32,
-        sha1: sha1_of_data(data).to_vec(),
+impl MediaEntry {
+    fn new(name: impl Into<String>, size: impl TryInto<u32>, sha1: impl Into<Vec<u8>>) -> Self {
+        MediaEntry {
+            name: name.into(),
+            size: size.try_into().unwrap_or_default(),
+            sha1: sha1.into(),
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -298,29 +295,112 @@ fn normalized_unicode_file_name(entry: &DirEntry) -> Result<String> {
         .ok_or(AnkiError::MediaCheckRequired)
 }
 
-/// Writes media files while compressing according to the targeted version.
+/// Copies and hashes while encoding according to the targeted version.
 /// If compressing, the encoder is reused to optimize for repeated calls.
-struct MediaFileWriter(Option<RawEncoder<'static>>);
+struct MediaCopier {
+    encoding: bool,
+    encoder: Option<RawEncoder<'static>>,
+}
 
-impl MediaFileWriter {
+impl MediaCopier {
     fn new(meta: &Meta) -> Self {
-        Self(
-            meta.zstd_compressed()
-                .then(|| RawEncoder::with_dictionary(0, &[]).unwrap()),
-        )
+        Self {
+            encoding: meta.zstd_compressed(),
+            encoder: None,
+        }
     }
 
-    fn write(mut self, reader: &mut impl Read, writer: &mut impl Write) -> Result<Self> {
-        // take [self] by value to prevent it from being reused after an error
-        if let Some(encoder) = self.0.take() {
-            let mut encoder_writer = Writer::new(writer, encoder);
-            io::copy(reader, &mut encoder_writer)?;
-            encoder_writer.finish()?;
-            self.0 = Some(encoder_writer.into_inner().1);
-        } else {
-            io::copy(reader, writer)?;
+    fn encoder(&mut self) -> Option<RawEncoder<'static>> {
+        self.encoding.then(|| {
+            self.encoder
+                .take()
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| RawEncoder::with_dictionary(0, &[]).unwrap())
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Returns size and sha1 hash of the copied data.
+    fn copy(
+        &mut self,
+        reader: &mut impl Read,
+        writer: &mut impl Write,
+    ) -> Result<(usize, [u8; 20])> {
+        let mut size = 0;
+        let mut hasher = Sha1::new();
+        let mut buf = [0; 64 * 1024];
+        let mut wrapped_writer = MaybeEncodedWriter::new(writer, self.encoder());
+
+        loop {
+            let count = match reader.read(&mut buf) {
+                Ok(0) => break,
+                Err(e) if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::Interrupted => continue,
+                result => result?,
+            };
+            size += count;
+            hasher.update(&buf[..count]);
+            wrapped_writer.write(&buf[..count])?;
         }
 
-        Ok(self)
+        self.encoder = wrapped_writer.finish()?;
+
+        Ok((size, hasher.digest().bytes()))
+    }
+}
+
+enum MaybeEncodedWriter<'a, W: Write> {
+    Stored(&'a mut W),
+    Encoded(zio::Writer<&'a mut W, RawEncoder<'static>>),
+}
+
+impl<'a, W: Write> MaybeEncodedWriter<'a, W> {
+    fn new(writer: &'a mut W, encoder: Option<RawEncoder<'static>>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(encoder) = encoder {
+            Self::Encoded(zio::Writer::new(writer, encoder))
+        } else {
+            Self::Stored(writer)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Stored(writer) => writer.write_all(buf)?,
+            Self::Encoded(writer) => writer.write_all(buf)?,
+        };
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn finish(self) -> Result<Option<RawEncoder<'static>>> {
+        Ok(match self {
+            Self::Stored(_) => None,
+            Self::Encoded(mut writer) => {
+                writer.finish()?;
+                Some(writer.into_inner().1)
+            }
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::media::files::sha1_of_data;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn media_file_writing() {
+        let bytes = b"foo";
+        let bytes_hash = sha1_of_data(b"foo");
+
+        for meta in [Meta::new_legacy(), Meta::new()] {
+            let mut writer = MediaCopier::new(&meta);
+            let mut buf = Vec::new();
+
+            let (size, hash) = writer.copy(&mut bytes.as_slice(), &mut buf).unwrap();
+            if meta.zstd_compressed() {
+                buf = zstd::decode_all(buf.as_slice()).unwrap();
+            }
+
+            assert_eq!(buf, bytes);
+            assert_eq!(size, bytes.len());
+            assert_eq!(hash, bytes_hash);
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/rslib/src/import_export/package/colpkg/import.rs b/rslib/src/import_export/package/colpkg/import.rs
index e732353f5..c013a95ed 100644
--- a/rslib/src/import_export/package/colpkg/import.rs
+++ b/rslib/src/import_export/package/colpkg/import.rs
@@ -10,8 +10,7 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use prost::Message;
-use tempfile::NamedTempFile;
-use zip::ZipArchive;
+use zip::{read::ZipFile, ZipArchive};
 use zstd::{self, stream::copy_decode};
 
 use super::super::Version;
@@ -22,7 +21,7 @@ use crate::{
         package::{MediaEntries, MediaEntry, Meta},
         ImportProgress,
     },
-    io::atomic_rename,
+    io::{atomic_rename, tempfile_in_parent_of},
     media::files::normalize_filename,
     prelude::*,
 };
@@ -58,15 +57,11 @@ pub fn import_colpkg(
     colpkg_path: &str,
     target_col_path: &str,
     target_media_folder: &str,
-    tr: &I18n,
     mut progress_fn: impl FnMut(ImportProgress) -> Result<()>,
 ) -> Result<()> {
     progress_fn(ImportProgress::Collection)?;
     let col_path = PathBuf::from(target_col_path);
-    let col_dir = col_path
-        .parent()
-        .ok_or_else(|| AnkiError::invalid_input("bad collection path"))?;
-    let mut tempfile = NamedTempFile::new_in(col_dir)?;
+    let mut tempfile = tempfile_in_parent_of(&col_path)?;
 
     let backup_file = File::open(colpkg_path)?;
     let mut archive = ZipArchive::new(backup_file)?;
@@ -78,17 +73,9 @@ pub fn import_colpkg(
     progress_fn(ImportProgress::Collection)?;
 
     let media_folder = Path::new(target_media_folder);
-    let media_import_result = restore_media(&meta, progress_fn, &mut archive, media_folder)
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            AnkiError::ImportError(ImportError::MediaImportFailed(
-                err.localized_description(tr),
-            ))
-        });
+    restore_media(&meta, progress_fn, &mut archive, media_folder)?;
 
-    // Proceed with replacing collection, regardless of media import result
-    atomic_rename(tempfile, &col_path)?;
-
-    media_import_result
+    atomic_rename(tempfile, &col_path)
 }
 
 fn check_collection(col_path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
@@ -113,48 +100,72 @@ fn restore_media(
 ) -> Result<()> {
     let media_entries = extract_media_entries(meta, archive)?;
     std::fs::create_dir_all(media_folder)?;
-    let mut count = 0;
 
     for (archive_file_name, entry) in media_entries.iter().enumerate() {
-        count += 1;
-        if count % 10 == 0 {
-            progress_fn(ImportProgress::Media(count))?;
+        if archive_file_name % 10 == 0 {
+            progress_fn(ImportProgress::Media(archive_file_name))?;
         }
 
         if let Ok(mut zip_file) = archive.by_name(&archive_file_name.to_string()) {
-            check_filename_safe(&entry.name)?;
-            let normalized = maybe_normalizing(&entry.name, meta.strict_media_checks())?;
-            let file_path = media_folder.join(normalized.as_ref());
-            let size_in_colpkg = if meta.media_list_is_hashmap() {
-                zip_file.size()
-            } else {
-                entry.size as u64
-            };
-            let files_are_equal = fs::metadata(&file_path)
-                .map(|metadata| metadata.len() == size_in_colpkg)
-                .unwrap_or_default();
-            if !files_are_equal {
-                // FIXME: write to temp file and atomic rename
-                let mut file = match File::create(&file_path) {
-                    Ok(file) => file,
-                    Err(err) => return Err(AnkiError::file_io_error(err, &file_path)),
-                };
-                if meta.zstd_compressed() {
-                    copy_decode(&mut zip_file, &mut file)
-                } else {
-                    io::copy(&mut zip_file, &mut file).map(|_| ())
-                }
-                .map_err(|err| AnkiError::file_io_error(err, &file_path))?;
-            }
+            maybe_restore_media_file(meta, media_folder, entry, &mut zip_file)?;
         } else {
             return Err(AnkiError::invalid_input(&format!(
                 "{archive_file_name} missing from archive"
             )));
         }
     }
+
     Ok(())
 }
 
+fn maybe_restore_media_file(
+    meta: &Meta,
+    media_folder: &Path,
+    entry: &MediaEntry,
+    zip_file: &mut ZipFile,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let file_path = entry.safe_normalized_file_path(meta, media_folder)?;
+    let already_exists = entry.is_equal_to(meta, zip_file, &file_path);
+    if !already_exists {
+        restore_media_file(meta, zip_file, &file_path)?;
+    };
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn restore_media_file(meta: &Meta, zip_file: &mut ZipFile, path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut tempfile = tempfile_in_parent_of(path)?;
+
+    if meta.zstd_compressed() {
+        copy_decode(zip_file, &mut tempfile)
+    } else {
+        io::copy(zip_file, &mut tempfile).map(|_| ())
+    }
+    .map_err(|err| AnkiError::file_io_error(err, path))?;
+
+    atomic_rename(tempfile, path)
+}
+
+impl MediaEntry {
+    fn safe_normalized_file_path(&self, meta: &Meta, media_folder: &Path) -> Result<PathBuf> {
+        check_filename_safe(&self.name)?;
+        let normalized = maybe_normalizing(&self.name, meta.strict_media_checks())?;
+        Ok(media_folder.join(normalized.as_ref()))
+    }
+
+    fn is_equal_to(&self, meta: &Meta, self_zipped: &ZipFile, other_path: &Path) -> bool {
+        // TODO: checks hashs (https://github.com/ankitects/anki/pull/1723#discussion_r829653147)
+        let self_size = if meta.media_list_is_hashmap() {
+            self_zipped.size()
+        } else {
+            self.size as u64
+        };
+        fs::metadata(other_path)
+            .map(|metadata| metadata.len() as u64 == self_size)
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+}
+
 /// - If strict is true, return an error if not normalized.
 /// - If false, return the normalized version.
 fn maybe_normalizing(name: &str, strict: bool) -> Result<Cow<str>> {
diff --git a/rslib/src/import_export/package/colpkg/tests.rs b/rslib/src/import_export/package/colpkg/tests.rs
index f5ad95775..08c84012f 100644
--- a/rslib/src/import_export/package/colpkg/tests.rs
+++ b/rslib/src/import_export/package/colpkg/tests.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ fn roundtrip() -> Result<()> {
     for (legacy, name) in [(true, "legacy"), (false, "v3")] {
         // export to a file
         let col = collection_with_media(dir, name)?;
-        let tr = col.tr.clone();
         let colpkg_name = dir.join(format!("{name}.colpkg"));
         col.export_colpkg(&colpkg_name, true, legacy, |_| ())?;
         // import into a new collection
@@ -53,7 +52,6 @@ fn roundtrip() -> Result<()> {
             &colpkg_name.to_string_lossy(),
             &anki2_name,
             import_media_dir.to_str().unwrap(),
-            &tr,
             |_| Ok(()),
         )?;
         // confirm collection imported
diff --git a/rslib/src/io.rs b/rslib/src/io.rs
index aa3204021..367d5d67a 100644
--- a/rslib/src/io.rs
+++ b/rslib/src/io.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,13 @@ use tempfile::NamedTempFile;
 
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
+pub(crate) fn tempfile_in_parent_of(file: &Path) -> Result<NamedTempFile> {
+    let dir = file
+        .parent()
+        .ok_or_else(|| AnkiError::invalid_input("not a file path"))?;
+    NamedTempFile::new_in(dir).map_err(|err| AnkiError::file_io_error(err, dir))
+}
+
 pub(crate) fn atomic_rename(file: NamedTempFile, target: &Path) -> Result<()> {
     file.as_file().sync_all()?;
     file.persist(&target)
@@ -20,3 +27,27 @@ pub(crate) fn atomic_rename(file: NamedTempFile, target: &Path) -> Result<()> {
     }
     Ok(())
 }
+
+/// Like [std::fs::read_dir], but only yielding files. [Err]s are not filtered.
+pub(crate) fn read_dir_files(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> std::io::Result<ReadDirFiles> {
+    std::fs::read_dir(path).map(ReadDirFiles)
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct ReadDirFiles(std::fs::ReadDir);
+
+impl Iterator for ReadDirFiles {
+    type Item = std::io::Result<std::fs::DirEntry>;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let next = self.0.next();
+        if let Some(Ok(entry)) = next.as_ref() {
+            match entry.metadata().map(|metadata| metadata.is_file()) {
+                Ok(true) => next,
+                Ok(false) => self.next(),
+                Err(error) => Some(Err(error)),
+            }
+        } else {
+            next
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rslib/src/media/files.rs b/rslib/src/media/files.rs
index 1d3f51da3..b56b1baa3 100644
--- a/rslib/src/media/files.rs
+++ b/rslib/src/media/files.rs
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ fn existing_file_sha1(path: &Path) -> io::Result<Option<[u8; 20]>> {
 }
 
 /// Return the SHA1 of a file, failing if it doesn't exist.
-pub(super) fn sha1_of_file(path: &Path) -> io::Result<[u8; 20]> {
+pub(crate) fn sha1_of_file(path: &Path) -> io::Result<[u8; 20]> {
     let mut file = fs::File::open(path)?;
     let mut hasher = Sha1::new();
     let mut buf = [0; 64 * 1024];
diff --git a/rslib/src/storage/mod.rs b/rslib/src/storage/mod.rs
index f1e9dc630..f2099d5b7 100644
--- a/rslib/src/storage/mod.rs
+++ b/rslib/src/storage/mod.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,18 @@ use std::fmt::Write;
 pub(crate) use sqlite::SqliteStorage;
 pub(crate) use sync::open_and_check_sqlite_file;
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+pub(crate) enum SchemaVersion {
+    V11,
+    V18,
+}
+
+impl SchemaVersion {
+    pub(super) fn has_journal_mode_delete(self) -> bool {
+        self == Self::V11
+    }
+}
+
 /// Write a list of IDs as '(x,y,...)' into the provided string.
 pub(crate) fn ids_to_string<T>(buf: &mut String, ids: &[T])
 where
diff --git a/rslib/src/storage/sqlite.rs b/rslib/src/storage/sqlite.rs
index 41e90ed9c..330c4a871 100644
--- a/rslib/src/storage/sqlite.rs
+++ b/rslib/src/storage/sqlite.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,10 @@ use regex::Regex;
 use rusqlite::{functions::FunctionFlags, params, Connection};
 use unicase::UniCase;
 
-use super::upgrades::{SCHEMA_MAX_VERSION, SCHEMA_MIN_VERSION, SCHEMA_STARTING_VERSION};
+use super::{
+    upgrades::{SCHEMA_MAX_VERSION, SCHEMA_MIN_VERSION, SCHEMA_STARTING_VERSION},
+    SchemaVersion,
+};
 use crate::{
     config::schema11::schema11_config_as_string,
     error::{AnkiError, DbErrorKind, Result},
@@ -261,10 +264,12 @@ impl SqliteStorage {
         Ok(storage)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn close(self, downgrade: bool) -> Result<()> {
-        if downgrade {
-            self.downgrade_to_schema_11()?;
-            self.db.pragma_update(None, "journal_mode", &"delete")?;
+    pub(crate) fn close(self, desired_version: Option<SchemaVersion>) -> Result<()> {
+        if let Some(version) = desired_version {
+            self.downgrade_to(version)?;
+            if version.has_journal_mode_delete() {
+                self.db.pragma_update(None, "journal_mode", &"delete")?;
+            }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
diff --git a/rslib/src/storage/upgrades/mod.rs b/rslib/src/storage/upgrades/mod.rs
index a628738cc..8740a83ec 100644
--- a/rslib/src/storage/upgrades/mod.rs
+++ b/rslib/src/storage/upgrades/mod.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ pub(super) const SCHEMA_STARTING_VERSION: u8 = 11;
 /// The maximum schema version we can open.
 pub(super) const SCHEMA_MAX_VERSION: u8 = 18;
 
-use super::SqliteStorage;
+use super::{SchemaVersion, SqliteStorage};
 use crate::error::Result;
 
 impl SqliteStorage {
@@ -48,7 +48,14 @@ impl SqliteStorage {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub(super) fn downgrade_to_schema_11(&self) -> Result<()> {
+    pub(super) fn downgrade_to(&self, ver: SchemaVersion) -> Result<()> {
+        match ver {
+            SchemaVersion::V11 => self.downgrade_to_schema_11(),
+            SchemaVersion::V18 => Ok(()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn downgrade_to_schema_11(&self) -> Result<()> {
         self.begin_trx()?;
 
         self.db
@@ -66,3 +73,17 @@ impl SqliteStorage {
         Ok(())
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    #[allow(clippy::assertions_on_constants)]
+    fn assert_18_is_latest_schema_version() {
+        assert!(
+            18 == SCHEMA_MAX_VERSION,
+            "must implement SqliteStorage::downgrade_to(SchemaVersion::V18)"
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rslib/src/sync/mod.rs b/rslib/src/sync/mod.rs
index c8893fda3..3e66a2226 100644
--- a/rslib/src/sync/mod.rs
+++ b/rslib/src/sync/mod.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ use crate::{
     serde::{default_on_invalid, deserialize_int_from_number},
     storage::{
         card::data::{card_data_string, original_position_from_card_data},
-        open_and_check_sqlite_file,
+        open_and_check_sqlite_file, SchemaVersion,
     },
     tags::{join_tags, split_tags, Tag},
 };
@@ -654,7 +654,7 @@ impl Collection {
     pub(crate) async fn full_upload_inner(mut self, server: Box<dyn SyncServer>) -> Result<()> {
         self.before_upload()?;
         let col_path = self.col_path.clone();
-        self.close(true)?;
+        self.close(Some(SchemaVersion::V11))?;
         server.full_upload(&col_path, false).await
     }
 
@@ -674,7 +674,7 @@ impl Collection {
         let col_folder = col_path
             .parent()
             .ok_or_else(|| AnkiError::invalid_input("couldn't get col_folder"))?;
-        self.close(false)?;
+        self.close(None)?;
         let out_file = server.full_download(Some(col_folder)).await?;
         // check file ok
         let db = open_and_check_sqlite_file(out_file.path())?;
diff --git a/rslib/src/sync/server.rs b/rslib/src/sync/server.rs
index 98ca2c15d..9a42f0ad4 100644
--- a/rslib/src/sync/server.rs
+++ b/rslib/src/sync/server.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use super::ChunkableIds;
 use crate::{
     collection::CollectionBuilder,
     prelude::*,
-    storage::open_and_check_sqlite_file,
+    storage::{open_and_check_sqlite_file, SchemaVersion},
     sync::{
         Chunk, Graves, SanityCheckCounts, SanityCheckResponse, SanityCheckStatus, SyncMeta,
         UnchunkedChanges, Usn,
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ impl SyncServer for LocalServer {
             })?;
 
         let target_col_path = self.col.col_path.clone();
-        self.col.close(false)?;
+        self.col.close(None)?;
         fs::rename(col_path, &target_col_path).map_err(Into::into)
     }
 
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ impl SyncServer for LocalServer {
         self.col
             .transact_no_undo(|col| col.storage.increment_usn())?;
         let col_path = self.col.col_path.clone();
-        self.col.close(true)?;
+        self.col.close(Some(SchemaVersion::V11))?;
 
         // copy file and return path
         let temp_file = NamedTempFile::new()?;