diff --git a/pylib/anki/collection.py b/pylib/anki/collection.py
index 44a102bb7..1fe89a700 100644
--- a/pylib/anki/collection.py
+++ b/pylib/anki/collection.py
@@ -879,11 +879,6 @@ table.review-log {{ {revlog_style} }}
             assert_exhaustive(self._undo)
             assert False
 
-    def op_affects_study_queue(self, changes: OpChanges) -> bool:
-        if changes.kind == changes.SET_CARD_FLAG:
-            return False
-        return changes.card or changes.deck or changes.preference
-
     def op_made_changes(self, changes: OpChanges) -> bool:
         for field in changes.DESCRIPTOR.fields:
             if field.name != "kind":
diff --git a/qt/aqt/browser.py b/qt/aqt/browser.py
index 97174c2fa..2fc5ba1e2 100644
--- a/qt/aqt/browser.py
+++ b/qt/aqt/browser.py
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ from aqt.editor import Editor
 from aqt.exporting import ExportDialog
 from aqt.find_and_replace import FindAndReplaceDialog
 from aqt.main import ResetReason
-from aqt.operations import OpMeta
 from aqt.operations.card import set_card_deck, set_card_flag
 from aqt.operations.collection import undo
 from aqt.operations.note import remove_notes
@@ -128,12 +127,14 @@ class Browser(QMainWindow):
         gui_hooks.browser_will_show(self)
         self.show()
 
-    def on_operation_did_execute(self, changes: OpChanges, meta: OpMeta) -> None:
+    def on_operation_did_execute(
+        self, changes: OpChanges, handler: Optional[object]
+    ) -> None:
         focused = current_top_level_widget() == self
-        self.table.op_executed(changes, meta, focused)
-        self.sidebar.op_executed(changes, meta, focused)
+        self.table.op_executed(changes, handler, focused)
+        self.sidebar.op_executed(changes, handler, focused)
         if changes.note or changes.notetype:
-            if meta.handler is not self.editor:
+            if handler is not self.editor:
                 # fixme: this will leave the splitter shown, but with no current
                 # note being edited
                 note = self.editor.note
diff --git a/qt/aqt/deckbrowser.py b/qt/aqt/deckbrowser.py
index 34c371eb6..1d2f58ec5 100644
--- a/qt/aqt/deckbrowser.py
+++ b/qt/aqt/deckbrowser.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 from copy import deepcopy
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Any
+from typing import Any, Optional
 
 import aqt
 from anki.collection import OpChanges
@@ -76,8 +76,10 @@ class DeckBrowser:
         if self._refresh_needed:
             self.refresh()
 
-    def op_executed(self, changes: OpChanges, focused: bool) -> bool:
-        if self.mw.col.op_affects_study_queue(changes):
+    def op_executed(
+        self, changes: OpChanges, handler: Optional[object], focused: bool
+    ) -> bool:
+        if changes.study_queues:
             self._refresh_needed = True
 
         if focused:
diff --git a/qt/aqt/editcurrent.py b/qt/aqt/editcurrent.py
index 3a3a67a63..209623e37 100644
--- a/qt/aqt/editcurrent.py
+++ b/qt/aqt/editcurrent.py
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 # Copyright: Ankitects Pty Ltd and contributors
 # License: GNU AGPL, version 3 or later; http://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl.html
+from typing import Optional
 
 import aqt.editor
 from anki.collection import OpChanges
 from anki.errors import NotFoundError
 from aqt import gui_hooks
-from aqt.operations import OpMeta
 from aqt.qt import *
 from aqt.utils import disable_help_button, restoreGeom, saveGeom, tr
 
@@ -31,8 +31,10 @@ class EditCurrent(QDialog):
         gui_hooks.operation_did_execute.append(self.on_operation_did_execute)
         self.show()
 
-    def on_operation_did_execute(self, changes: OpChanges, meta: OpMeta) -> None:
-        if changes.editor and meta.handler is not self.editor:
+    def on_operation_did_execute(
+        self, changes: OpChanges, handler: Optional[object]
+    ) -> None:
+        if changes.editor and handler is not self.editor:
             # reload note
             note = self.editor.note
             try:
diff --git a/qt/aqt/editor.py b/qt/aqt/editor.py
index 82f795994..999a8dfa6 100644
--- a/qt/aqt/editor.py
+++ b/qt/aqt/editor.py
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ class Editor:
     redrawing.
 
     The editor will cause that hook to be fired when it saves changes. To avoid
-    an unwanted refresh, the parent widget should check if meta.handler
+    an unwanted refresh, the parent widget should check if handler
     corresponds to this editor instance, and ignore the change if it does.
     """
 
diff --git a/qt/aqt/main.py b/qt/aqt/main.py
index 6611f5cd1..7090c4a6b 100644
--- a/qt/aqt/main.py
+++ b/qt/aqt/main.py
@@ -61,7 +61,6 @@ from aqt.emptycards import show_empty_cards
 from aqt.legacy import install_pylib_legacy
 from aqt.mediacheck import check_media_db
 from aqt.mediasync import MediaSyncer
-from aqt.operations import OpMeta
 from aqt.operations.collection import undo
 from aqt.profiles import ProfileManager as ProfileManagerType
 from aqt.qt import *
@@ -773,7 +772,7 @@ class AnkiQt(QMainWindow):
         success: PerformOpOptionalSuccessCallback = None,
         failure: PerformOpOptionalFailureCallback = None,
         after_hooks: Optional[Callable[[], None]] = None,
-        meta: OpMeta = OpMeta(),
+        handler: Optional[object] = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Run the provided operation on a background thread.
 
@@ -827,7 +826,7 @@ class AnkiQt(QMainWindow):
                 status = self.col.undo_status()
                 self._update_undo_actions_for_status_and_save(status)
                 # fire change hooks
-                self._fire_change_hooks_after_op_performed(result, after_hooks, meta)
+                self._fire_change_hooks_after_op_performed(result, after_hooks, handler)
 
         self.taskman.with_progress(op, wrapped_done)
 
@@ -846,7 +845,7 @@ class AnkiQt(QMainWindow):
         self,
         result: ResultWithChanges,
         after_hooks: Optional[Callable[[], None]],
-        meta: OpMeta,
+        handler: Optional[object],
     ) -> None:
         if isinstance(result, OpChanges):
             changes = result
@@ -856,7 +855,7 @@ class AnkiQt(QMainWindow):
         # fire new hook
         print("op changes:")
         print(changes)
-        gui_hooks.operation_did_execute(changes, meta)
+        gui_hooks.operation_did_execute(changes, handler)
         # fire legacy hook so old code notices changes
         if self.col.op_made_changes(changes):
             gui_hooks.state_did_reset()
@@ -872,15 +871,17 @@ class AnkiQt(QMainWindow):
                 setattr(op, field.name, True)
         gui_hooks.operation_did_execute(op, None)
 
-    def on_operation_did_execute(self, changes: OpChanges, meta: OpMeta) -> None:
+    def on_operation_did_execute(
+        self, changes: OpChanges, handler: Optional[object]
+    ) -> None:
         "Notify current screen of changes."
         focused = current_top_level_widget() == self
         if self.state == "review":
-            dirty = self.reviewer.op_executed(changes, focused)
+            dirty = self.reviewer.op_executed(changes, handler, focused)
         elif self.state == "overview":
-            dirty = self.overview.op_executed(changes, focused)
+            dirty = self.overview.op_executed(changes, handler, focused)
         elif self.state == "deckBrowser":
-            dirty = self.deckBrowser.op_executed(changes, focused)
+            dirty = self.deckBrowser.op_executed(changes, handler, focused)
         else:
             dirty = False
 
diff --git a/qt/aqt/operations/__init__.py b/qt/aqt/operations/__init__.py
index dd3d825c6..e3d8b5638 100644
--- a/qt/aqt/operations/__init__.py
+++ b/qt/aqt/operations/__init__.py
@@ -1,16 +1,2 @@
 # Copyright: Ankitects Pty Ltd and contributors
 # License: GNU AGPL, version 3 or later; http://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl.html
-
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Optional
-
-
-@dataclass
-class OpMeta:
-    """Metadata associated with an operation.
-
-    The `handler` field can be used by screens to ignore change
-    events they initiated themselves, if they have already made
-    the required changes."""
-
-    handler: Optional[object] = None
diff --git a/qt/aqt/operations/card.py b/qt/aqt/operations/card.py
index 91c4ac0d2..fd994c475 100644
--- a/qt/aqt/operations/card.py
+++ b/qt/aqt/operations/card.py
@@ -3,16 +3,28 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Optional, Sequence
 
 from anki.cards import CardId
 from anki.decks import DeckId
 from aqt import AnkiQt
+from aqt.main import PerformOpOptionalSuccessCallback
 
 
 def set_card_deck(*, mw: AnkiQt, card_ids: Sequence[CardId], deck_id: DeckId) -> None:
     mw.perform_op(lambda: mw.col.set_deck(card_ids, deck_id))
 
 
-def set_card_flag(*, mw: AnkiQt, card_ids: Sequence[CardId], flag: int) -> None:
-    mw.perform_op(lambda: mw.col.set_user_flag_for_cards(flag, card_ids))
+def set_card_flag(
+    *,
+    mw: AnkiQt,
+    card_ids: Sequence[CardId],
+    flag: int,
+    handler: Optional[object] = None,
+    success: PerformOpOptionalSuccessCallback = None,
+) -> None:
+    mw.perform_op(
+        lambda: mw.col.set_user_flag_for_cards(flag, card_ids),
+        handler=handler,
+        success=success,
+    )
diff --git a/qt/aqt/operations/deck.py b/qt/aqt/operations/deck.py
index e32e69b0c..fc6ca6250 100644
--- a/qt/aqt/operations/deck.py
+++ b/qt/aqt/operations/deck.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ from typing import Callable, Optional, Sequence
 from anki.decks import DeckCollapseScope, DeckId
 from aqt import AnkiQt, QWidget
 from aqt.main import PerformOpOptionalSuccessCallback
-from aqt.operations import OpMeta
 from aqt.utils import getOnlyText, tooltip, tr
 
 
@@ -83,5 +82,5 @@ def set_deck_collapsed(
         lambda: mw.col.decks.set_collapsed(
             deck_id=deck_id, collapsed=collapsed, scope=scope
         ),
-        meta=OpMeta(handler=handler),
+        handler=handler,
     )
diff --git a/qt/aqt/operations/note.py b/qt/aqt/operations/note.py
index 4c0d8c3d2..dfe28ba92 100644
--- a/qt/aqt/operations/note.py
+++ b/qt/aqt/operations/note.py
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ from anki.decks import DeckId
 from anki.notes import Note, NoteId
 from aqt import AnkiQt
 from aqt.main import PerformOpOptionalSuccessCallback
-from aqt.operations import OpMeta
 
 
 def add_note(
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ def add_note(
 def update_note(*, mw: AnkiQt, note: Note, handler: Optional[object]) -> None:
     mw.perform_op(
         lambda: mw.col.update_note(note),
-        meta=OpMeta(handler=handler),
+        handler=handler,
     )
 
 
diff --git a/qt/aqt/operations/tag.py b/qt/aqt/operations/tag.py
index ee1e767cb..49b38cb2c 100644
--- a/qt/aqt/operations/tag.py
+++ b/qt/aqt/operations/tag.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Callable, Sequence
+from typing import Callable, Optional, Sequence
 
 from anki.collection import OpChangesWithCount
 from anki.notes import NoteId
@@ -18,9 +18,12 @@ def add_tags_to_notes(
     note_ids: Sequence[NoteId],
     space_separated_tags: str,
     success: PerformOpOptionalSuccessCallback = None,
+    handler: Optional[object] = None,
 ) -> None:
     mw.perform_op(
-        lambda: mw.col.tags.bulk_add(note_ids, space_separated_tags), success=success
+        lambda: mw.col.tags.bulk_add(note_ids, space_separated_tags),
+        success=success,
+        handler=handler,
     )
 
 
@@ -30,9 +33,12 @@ def remove_tags_from_notes(
     note_ids: Sequence[NoteId],
     space_separated_tags: str,
     success: PerformOpOptionalSuccessCallback = None,
+    handler: Optional[object] = None,
 ) -> None:
     mw.perform_op(
-        lambda: mw.col.tags.bulk_remove(note_ids, space_separated_tags), success=success
+        lambda: mw.col.tags.bulk_remove(note_ids, space_separated_tags),
+        success=success,
+        handler=handler,
     )
 
 
diff --git a/qt/aqt/overview.py b/qt/aqt/overview.py
index 8d2df0d76..2e7e01ea7 100644
--- a/qt/aqt/overview.py
+++ b/qt/aqt/overview.py
@@ -64,8 +64,10 @@ class Overview:
         if self._refresh_needed:
             self.refresh()
 
-    def op_executed(self, changes: OpChanges, focused: bool) -> bool:
-        if self.mw.col.op_affects_study_queue(changes):
+    def op_executed(
+        self, changes: OpChanges, handler: Optional[object], focused: bool
+    ) -> bool:
+        if changes.study_queues:
             self._refresh_needed = True
 
         if focused:
diff --git a/qt/aqt/reviewer.py b/qt/aqt/reviewer.py
index feb9d8e4d..3f665d1a4 100644
--- a/qt/aqt/reviewer.py
+++ b/qt/aqt/reviewer.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt
 
 from anki import hooks
 from anki.cards import Card, CardId
-from anki.collection import Config, OpChanges
+from anki.collection import Config, OpChanges, OpChangesWithCount
 from anki.tags import MARKED_TAG
 from anki.utils import stripHTML
 from aqt import AnkiQt, gui_hooks
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ from aqt.webview import AnkiWebView
 
 
 class RefreshNeeded(Enum):
-    NO = auto()
     NOTE_TEXT = auto()
     QUEUES = auto()
 
@@ -71,7 +70,7 @@ class Reviewer:
         self._recordedAudio: Optional[str] = None
         self.typeCorrect: str = None  # web init happens before this is set
         self.state: Optional[str] = None
-        self._refresh_needed = RefreshNeeded.NO
+        self._refresh_needed: Optional[RefreshNeeded] = None
         self.bottom = BottomBar(mw, mw.bottomWeb)
         hooks.card_did_leech.append(self.onLeech)
 
@@ -102,29 +101,25 @@ class Reviewer:
             self.mw.col.reset()
             self.nextCard()
             self.mw.fade_in_webview()
-            self._refresh_needed = RefreshNeeded.NO
+            self._refresh_needed = None
         elif self._refresh_needed is RefreshNeeded.NOTE_TEXT:
             self._redraw_current_card()
             self.mw.fade_in_webview()
-            self._refresh_needed = RefreshNeeded.NO
+            self._refresh_needed = None
 
-    def op_executed(self, changes: OpChanges, focused: bool) -> bool:
-        if changes.note and changes.kind == OpChanges.UPDATE_NOTE_TAGS:
-            self.card.load()
-            self._update_mark_icon()
-        elif changes.card and changes.kind == OpChanges.SET_CARD_FLAG:
-            # fixme: v3 mtime check
-            self.card.load()
-            self._update_flag_icon()
-        elif self.mw.col.op_affects_study_queue(changes):
-            self._refresh_needed = RefreshNeeded.QUEUES
-        elif changes.note or changes.notetype or changes.tag:
-            self._refresh_needed = RefreshNeeded.NOTE_TEXT
+    def op_executed(
+        self, changes: OpChanges, handler: Optional[object], focused: bool
+    ) -> bool:
+        if handler is not self:
+            if changes.study_queues:
+                self._refresh_needed = RefreshNeeded.QUEUES
+            elif changes.editor:
+                self._refresh_needed = RefreshNeeded.NOTE_TEXT
 
-        if focused and self._refresh_needed is not RefreshNeeded.NO:
+        if focused and self._refresh_needed:
             self.refresh_if_needed()
 
-        return self._refresh_needed is not RefreshNeeded.NO
+        return bool(self._refresh_needed)
 
     def _redraw_current_card(self) -> None:
         self.card.load()
@@ -830,23 +825,45 @@ time = %(time)d;
         self.mw.onDeckConf(self.mw.col.decks.get(self.card.current_deck_id()))
 
     def set_flag_on_current_card(self, desired_flag: int) -> None:
+        def redraw_flag(out: OpChanges) -> None:
+            self.card.load()
+            self._update_flag_icon()
+
         # need to toggle off?
         if self.card.user_flag() == desired_flag:
             flag = 0
         else:
             flag = desired_flag
 
-        set_card_flag(mw=self.mw, card_ids=[self.card.id], flag=flag)
+        set_card_flag(
+            mw=self.mw,
+            card_ids=[self.card.id],
+            flag=flag,
+            handler=self,
+            success=redraw_flag,
+        )
 
     def toggle_mark_on_current_note(self) -> None:
+        def redraw_mark(out: OpChangesWithCount) -> None:
+            self.card.load()
+            self._update_mark_icon()
+
         note = self.card.note()
         if note.has_tag(MARKED_TAG):
             remove_tags_from_notes(
-                mw=self.mw, note_ids=[note.id], space_separated_tags=MARKED_TAG
+                mw=self.mw,
+                note_ids=[note.id],
+                space_separated_tags=MARKED_TAG,
+                handler=self,
+                success=redraw_mark,
             )
         else:
             add_tags_to_notes(
-                mw=self.mw, note_ids=[note.id], space_separated_tags=MARKED_TAG
+                mw=self.mw,
+                note_ids=[note.id],
+                space_separated_tags=MARKED_TAG,
+                handler=self,
+                success=redraw_mark,
             )
 
     def on_set_due(self) -> None:
diff --git a/qt/aqt/sidebar.py b/qt/aqt/sidebar.py
index f8d83c354..e9b9b1d1c 100644
--- a/qt/aqt/sidebar.py
+++ b/qt/aqt/sidebar.py
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ from anki.types import assert_exhaustive
 from aqt import colors, gui_hooks
 from aqt.clayout import CardLayout
 from aqt.models import Models
-from aqt.operations import OpMeta
 from aqt.operations.deck import (
     remove_decks,
     rename_deck,
@@ -420,8 +419,10 @@ class SidebarTreeView(QTreeView):
     # Refreshing
     ###########################
 
-    def op_executed(self, changes: OpChanges, meta: OpMeta, focused: bool) -> None:
-        if changes.browser_sidebar and not meta.handler is self:
+    def op_executed(
+        self, changes: OpChanges, handler: Optional[object], focused: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        if changes.browser_sidebar and not handler is self:
             self._refresh_needed = True
         if focused:
             self.refresh_if_needed()
diff --git a/qt/aqt/table.py b/qt/aqt/table.py
index aec9d7b71..cc94b8f44 100644
--- a/qt/aqt/table.py
+++ b/qt/aqt/table.py
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ from anki.errors import NotFoundError
 from anki.notes import Note, NoteId
 from anki.utils import ids2str, isWin
 from aqt import colors, gui_hooks
-from aqt.operations import OpMeta
 from aqt.qt import *
 from aqt.theme import theme_manager
 from aqt.utils import (
@@ -181,7 +180,9 @@ class Table:
     def redraw_cells(self) -> None:
         self._model.redraw_cells()
 
-    def op_executed(self, changes: OpChanges, meta: OpMeta, focused: bool) -> None:
+    def op_executed(
+        self, changes: OpChanges, handler: Optional[object], focused: bool
+    ) -> None:
         if changes.browser_table:
             self._model.mark_cache_stale()
         if focused:
diff --git a/qt/tools/genhooks_gui.py b/qt/tools/genhooks_gui.py
index ebcf373b1..a939112cf 100644
--- a/qt/tools/genhooks_gui.py
+++ b/qt/tools/genhooks_gui.py
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ hooks = [
     ),
     Hook(
         name="operation_did_execute",
-        args=["changes: anki.collection.OpChanges", "meta: aqt.operations.OpMeta"],
+        args=["changes: anki.collection.OpChanges", "handler: Optional[object]"],
         doc="""Called after an operation completes.
         Changes can be inspected to determine whether the UI needs updating.
         
diff --git a/rslib/backend.proto b/rslib/backend.proto
index 06fe920e1..e5430c48d 100644
--- a/rslib/backend.proto
+++ b/rslib/backend.proto
@@ -1498,26 +1498,17 @@ message GetQueuedCardsOut {
 }
 
 message OpChanges {
-  // this is not an exhaustive list; we can add more cases as we need them
-  enum Kind {
-    OTHER = 0;
-    UPDATE_NOTE_TAGS = 1;
-    SET_CARD_FLAG = 2;
-    UPDATE_NOTE = 3;
-  }
+  bool card = 1;
+  bool note = 2;
+  bool deck = 3;
+  bool tag = 4;
+  bool notetype = 5;
+  bool preference = 6;
 
-  Kind kind = 1;
-  bool card = 2;
-  bool note = 3;
-  bool deck = 4;
-  bool tag = 5;
-  bool notetype = 6;
-  bool preference = 7;
-
-  bool browser_table = 8;
-  bool browser_sidebar = 9;
-  bool editor = 10;
-  bool study_queues = 11;
+  bool browser_table = 7;
+  bool browser_sidebar = 8;
+  bool editor = 9;
+  bool study_queues = 10;
 }
 
 message UndoStatus {
diff --git a/rslib/src/backend/ops.rs b/rslib/src/backend/ops.rs
index d634093ab..001357923 100644
--- a/rslib/src/backend/ops.rs
+++ b/rslib/src/backend/ops.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright: Ankitects Pty Ltd and contributors
 // License: GNU AGPL, version 3 or later; http://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl.html
 
-use pb::op_changes::Kind;
-
 use crate::{
     backend_proto as pb,
     ops::OpChanges,
@@ -10,21 +8,9 @@ use crate::{
     undo::{UndoOutput, UndoStatus},
 };
 
-impl From<Op> for Kind {
-    fn from(o: Op) -> Self {
-        match o {
-            Op::SetFlag => Kind::SetCardFlag,
-            Op::UpdateTag => Kind::UpdateNoteTags,
-            Op::UpdateNote => Kind::UpdateNote,
-            _ => Kind::Other,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 impl From<OpChanges> for pb::OpChanges {
     fn from(c: OpChanges) -> Self {
         pb::OpChanges {
-            kind: Kind::from(c.op) as i32,
             card: c.changes.card,
             note: c.changes.note,
             deck: c.changes.deck,